Foundation and it's types

                                       foundation

A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geo technical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures

types of foundation

1)shallow foundation:- 

 Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The 'open' refers to the fact that the foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire footing is visible to the eye, and is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each footing takes the concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

2)strip footings:-

Strip footings are commonly found in load-bearing masonry construction, and act as a long strip that supports the weight of an entire wall.  These are used where the building loads are carried by entire walls rather than isolated columns, such as in older buildings made of masonry.

3)Raft Foundations:-

Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most often used when basements are to be constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the building is spread evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because the building is like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil.

Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and therefore building loads have to be spread over a large area, or where columns are closely spaced, which means that if individual footings were used, they would touch each other.

4)PILE FOUNDATIONS:-

A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.

Pile foundations are used in the following situations:

    When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
    When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.

Types of Civil Engineering Branches

1. Construction Engineering:-

   •  This civil engineering branch deals with the planning, construction and maintenance of structures. Construction engineering is the planning and execution of designs from site development, environmental, structural, transportation and structural engineers. 
   • They must ensure that the plans that have been designed by other engineers are implemented to their exact specifications.
   •  Construction engineers will supervise field work during the entire project. 
   • They are in a sense a cross between engineer and manager as they will oversee the project from start to finish and handle any problems that come up throughout the duration of the project.

2.Structural Engineering:-

• This branch of civil engineering encompasses the structural analysis and design of structures. 
• It is the responsibility of the structural engineer to analyze and design a structure that will safely bear or resist the stresses, forces and loads. 
• The design must satisfy the project specifications while meeting all safety regulations.
• The structure must endure massive loads as well as natural disasters and climate changes.

3.Geo technical Engineering:-

• In Geo technical engineering the engineer studies soil, foundations and bearing capacities. 
• The engineer will study the behavior of the earth materials and how they will affect a structure that is to be constructed. 
• They will also evaluate per-existing structures that are showing signs of problems with the earth materials under or near the structure.

4.Transportation Engineering:-

• Civil engineers that specialize in transportation engineering will work with the planning, construction and management of transportation facilities.
•  They will design and implement the infrastructures that deal with transportation in order to provide a safe, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible mode of transport. 
• There are six divisions related to transportation engineering: highway, air transportation, waterway, aerospace, coastal & ocean and urban transportation.

5.Water Resource Engineering:-

•  These engineers deal with the design and construction of hydraulic structures. 
• These structures include dams, canals and water distribution system.
• The engineer is responsible for the design of the structure as well as the implementation and safety precautions that must be closely adhered to when dealing with hydraulic structures.
  

  6.Environmental engineering;-

  • study of environment friendly designs,pollution and their resolutions and sewage management. Many engineers focus solely upon the crisis of pollution and coming up with solutions as well as
  • determining new and inventive ways for sewage management and other

tunnel engineering

1. tunnel can be use way for any transportation or cannals.
2. A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end.
3. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.
4. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel.
5.  Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are rs. utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment.
6. Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossing, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely.

 

Highway engineering

• Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective 
• transportation  of people and goods. Highway engineering became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th Century after World War 2. 
• Standards of highway  engineering are continuously being improved. Highway engineers must take into account future traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance.